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Evolution Korea South Korea's democratic system is vulnerable to populist tendencies. It's still better than expected. The country is looking for a new development paradigm. Info , which stresses respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relationships, continues to influence the society. There are indications of a secularist cultural trend forming. Origins In the prehistoric era the ancestors of the today's Koreans were capable of surviving by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate millet, beans, and other crops. They also raised livestock and created furs. They formed tribal states in Manchuria, and then on the Korean peninsula. They also established an industry of metallurgy, which produced bronze and later iron tools. They traded with other states and introduced cedon, paper making block printing art styles, as well as writing to Japan. In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was established on the southern part of the peninsula. The state embraced Chinese culture which included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. In this period the people of Buyeo were part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society in which a monarch and top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy, while the majority of the population were peasants. The state imposed taxes on these citizens and often required them to serve in the army or participate in projects of the government, like building fortifications. At the end of this period the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and was the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom expanded to the southwest region of the peninsula, and fought with China's commandos and Goguryeo's in the area. Baekje took on Confucian ideas into its state belief system in 1390 CE, and introduced the male-centric concept of filiopiety a doctrine. Under the guise filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families. They had to be obeyed by everyone and respected by their children and grandchildren. Goryeo, who would rule from 918 to 1392 CE gave the world the Hangul alphabet built on the patterns created by the mouth when it was pronounced. This significantly improved communication between people, and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and the movable metal type were also refined. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi or “History of the Three Kingdoms” was the first to be recorded. The evolution of Korea The Korean peninsula has been inhabited since Neolithic times and early evidence for human settlements is evident in the form of graves lined with stones, with precious goods such as amazonite jewellery being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures known as dolmens, built from massive single stones, are widespread throughout the country. In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. After that, the peninsula was ruled by various states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCbetween 635 and 57 BC CE) including Baekje Goguryeo and Silla. The northern region of the peninsula was occupied for a period by the Balhae Kingdom that historians do believe to be a real Korean state. After the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Among them, Baekje was the most powerful state, but its dynasty ended with the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE, leaving the southern provinces of Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy thrived for some time. The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to work together to expand their territories. Silla with the aid of the Chinese, eventually conquered and united the peninsula in 935. As Korea is entering the post-crisis phase its development model is in flux. People who are shocked by the enormous cost of the old systems are in favor of a comprehensive plan for liberalization of capital, labor and product markets. On the other hand champions of the old system seek to keep it in place by leveraging nationalist sentiments and exaggerating fears of job loss. Academics and analysts are divided over the extent to which Korea's development is being driven by these two trends. This article examines the five phases of the Korean evolution in terms of its political development that include democratically illiberal democracies (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and participatory democracy (2002). This article also highlights the most important factors that are driving these developments. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have succeeded in promoting their views among this population. A survey in 2009 revealed that almost a third of respondents did not believe in the theory of evolution. Of those, 41% claimed that there was insufficient evidence from science to support the theory; 39% said the theory did not align with their beliefs and 17% said it was difficult to understand. The level of doubt is similar to that of the United States where a similar percentage do not believe humans evolved from earlier species of life. In the past, the anti-evolution campaign in Korea focused primarily on teaching students and in bringing Christ to them. An increase in the interest in creation science occurred in the year 1980, when there was an all-day seminar that was held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul that included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the featured speakers. This event attracted a huge number of professors, church leaders, and scientists. The success of this event led to the establishment of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31 1981. The event was extensively covered in the national media, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times. KACR began publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In it, the group published its own activities and published articles on the scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated film strips and slides from ICR as well as some books on creationism that were already published outside of Korea. KACR members taught throughout the country at universities and churches. A KACR success was observed at the KAIST University in Seoul. Students at the KAIST university in Seoul were so fascinated by creationism that they raised money and secured funding to construct a small creationist museum on campus. In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION which covers topics in creation science. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It also has an organization of local branch offices that give talks and seminars to children and other community groups. The evolution of South Korea In the latter part of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized lifestyle. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts and other style elements from abroad. In the same way, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by contemporary rock and roll and jazz. In this time, the famous samulnori or masked dancing-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed with the accompaniment of shaman drums and various types of musical instruments. Korea's new development paradigm is being formed in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The main challenge for the new regime is to find an equilibrium between market-oriented and state-led policies. It also requires a change in the incentives, monitoring, and disciplining schemes that have shaped the system prior to the crisis. These issues are examined in Chapters 3 and 4. Baekje was founded by Onjo Prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other areas, as well as migrants from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. In the process, it entered into frequent conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders along the border. The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the development of powerful local factions. Gungye, a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. He also was in control of a portion of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He was an adversary to Goguryeo. The rule of his was, however, short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla Later, he incorporated Baekje into Goryeo without a fight as his successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened the centralized ruling system. This was the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. From that point, the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually developed into powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.