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The Evolution Site The theory of natural selection as the foundation of evolution is the unifying force in modern biology. It connects disciplines as diverse as genetics, microbiology, and palaeontology. However the study of evolutionary theory is often controversial and the misinformation that results can confuse people about its basic concepts. This website helps to clarify essential concepts. What is Evolution? Modern evolutionary theory focuses on the gradual and cumulative changes that happen in populations over time. These changes are the result of natural selection, a process that increases the amount of organisms that have traits that are beneficial and enable them to live and reproduce in a specific environment. In turn, these organisms leave more offspring than those that don't have these beneficial traits. This can cause a genetic change that could eventually lead to new species. The term “evolution” is often associated with “survival-of-the most fittest” which means that those who are better adaptable to specific environmental conditions will have a distinct advantage over those less well-adapted. In actuality, this is only one of many ways that evolution can occur. Another way to use the word evolution is to suggest that species can change from one state to the next. This kind of view can be referred to as anagenetic, or cladogenesis. The scientific definition of evolution does not support this view. The evolutionary theory that scientists have developed change focuses instead on the changes that occur in populations over time. These changes are the result mutations that result from natural selection and genomic variation. Charles Darwin was one of the scientists who backed this theory. Alfred Russel Wallace who developed the macroevolution theory believed this was the only way that higher forms of living could have evolved. A concept must be able stand up to rigorous tests and evidence in order to be considered a theory. Evolution has stood the test of time and has been proven to be valid in numerous scientific disciplines ranging from biology to geology, from astronomy to chemistry. In fact evolution is regarded as one of the fundamental tenets of science today, and it is backed by the vast majority of scientists across the globe. However, many people have misconceptions about the theory of evolution, and particularly how it is related to religion. What is the Theory of Evolution (Evolutionary Theory)? Evolution is the scientific explanation for how living things change over time. It is based on a variety of well-established observations that show that more offspring are produced than could possibly survive in the long run; that individuals differ from one another in their physical characteristics (phenotype) and that various characteristics result in different rates of reproduction and survival and can be passed on to the next generation. These observations are backed by the increasing body of evidence from molecular biology, palaeontology, functional morphology, climatology and geology. Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace independently developed the theory of evolution based on selection in the mid-19th century as a way to explain how organisms are able to adapt to their biological and physical environments. It is now the best-supported and most extensively tested theory in the field of science. Its predictions were proven by the evidence, for example that more complex organisms have less genetic mutations. The more successful an organism becomes in terms of its longevity and reproducing the more likely it will transmit its genes to the next generation. Some people object to evolution because they believe that it implies that there is no meaning to life. However, many scientists who are also religious believers, such as the prominent Cambridge Palaeontologist Simon Conway Morris, believe that evolution isn't just compatible with belief in God but is enhanced by it (BioLogos 2014). In actual fact, a significant number of highly qualified evolutionary biologists, some of who are renowned evangelical Christian leaders are involved in the creation and testing of the theory of evolution. Many of them have contributed to the understanding of a wide variety of phenomena, such as phylogenetics, genomics, and the development and function of fossils. The word “theory” is often used in a wrong sense to mean a speculation or guess, when in fact it is a scientific hypothesis that has been systematically developed and tested over time. Scientists test hypotheses through repeating the experiments or observations that led them to them. Therefore the theory of evolution theory has been repeatedly confirmed along with the related theories of Copernican theory, atomic theory, and germ theory. What is the Process of Evolution? The process of evolution is the gradual shift over time in the ratio of genetically distinct individuals within a certain species. This change is a result of the natural selection of individuals who are more adapted to their environment. The more adapted individuals have better chances of reproduction and survival. As more individuals survive and reproduce, their genes are more widely distributed in the general population. This is sometimes described as “survival of the fittest.” According to the theory of evolution, the mutations that produce genomic variation are the raw material for evolution. These mutations can occur at random, or under the influence of the environment. If 에볼루션 코리아 are random, the frequency of the resultant alleles could vary from generation to generation. When a mutation is beneficial it can increase the frequency of the allele and cause the allele to spread throughout the population. As time passes, these changes in the frequencies of alleles can result in the creation of new species. The new species can then grow and evolve into newer forms. This process is known as macroevolution. The creation of new species is typically a result of changes in the environment, which make certain resources available or creates new environmental issues. The evolution of finches in the Galapagos Islands, for example, is due to the availability of fresh food and the need to defend themselves against predators. In a wider context it is any change that occurs in the traits of living organisms over time. This change can be small like the development of a new coloration or even massive, like the development of a brand new organ. Scientists who accept the theory of evolution generally recognize the importance of genetic change in the process that causes evolution. They also acknowledge that the process of evolution occurs over a long time, typically millions of years. However, they differ on the role of different factors in accelerating or retarding the process, including the impact of environmental pressures, sexual selection, and mutation bias. Despite these disagreements, most scientists believe that evolution is real and the evidence in support of this is overwhelming. What is the Evidence of Evolution? Throughout the years since Darwin's time, scientists have collected evidence that supports Darwin's theory of evolution. The evidence comes from fossils which show the evolution of organisms over time. Additional evidence can be found in similarities between living organisms embryology, biogeography genetics and comparative anatomy. The most important proof of evolution can be found in the evolutionary tree, which illustrates how species are related. Homologous structures are another source of evidence. They share a similar structure, but they perform different functions in different species, such as the wings of a bird or bat. The fact that different species evolve and adapt to the same environment is another sign of evolution. For instance, arctic foxes and ptarmigans develop white fur coats that blend into snow and ice. This is a kind of convergent evolutionary process, which suggests that the species share ancestors. Another evidence point is the existence of vestige structures, which are unutilized organs that may serve a purpose in a distant ancestor. For instance the human appendix is remnants of an earlier organ that served to digest food. Natural selection is a process that causes these structures to shrink as they are no longer utilized. Scientists have also collected evidence of evolution through observation and testing. Evidence for evolution is grouped into six categories: directly observable small-scale changes in biogeographic distribution and comparative anatomy, the fossil record, classification and genetics. Each of these categories provides compelling evidence for the evolution of life. While many people are misinformed about the theory of evolution, it is an established fact. It is not a theory, but a powerful collection founded on years of observation. Whatever people believe or deny about the theory of evolution, scientists continue to study and collect new data in order to further understand the history of life on Earth. This information will aid scientists understand how to prevent future catastrophes on the planet and how to best utilize the resources of our planet. This will allow us to better serve the needs of people living on the planet.